Question Details

Which of the following is NOT true for all possible non-zero choices of integers m, n; m ≠ n, or all possible non-zero choices of real numbers p, q; p ≠ q, as applicable?

Options

A

1 π 0 π sin m θ sin n θ d θ = 0

B

1 2 π π / 2 π / 2 sin p θ sin q θ d θ = 0

C

1 2 π π π sin p θ cos q θ d θ = 0

D

lim α 1 2 α α α sin p θ sin q θ d θ = 0

Correct Answer :

1 π 0 π sin m θ sin n θ d θ = 0

1 2 π π π sin p θ cos q θ d θ = 0

lim α 1 2 α α α sin p θ sin q θ d θ = 0

Solution :

The correct options are:
1. 1 π 0 π sin m θ sin n θ d θ = 0
2. 1 2 π π π sin p θ cos q θ d �� = 0
3. lim α 1 2 α α α sin p θ sin q θ d θ = 0

Step-by-step Analysis of the Statements:

1. Analysis of the first statement:
Consider the integral:
I = 1 π 0 π sin m θ sin n θ d θ
Using the product-to-sum trigonometric identity:
sin A sin B = 1 2 [ cos ( A B ) cos ( A + B ) ]
We rewrite the integrand:
I = 1 2 π 0 π [ cos ( m n ) θ cos ( m + n ) θ ] d θ
If we choose non-zero integers such that m = n (where m n ), then:
I = 1 2 π 0 π [ cos ( 2 m θ ) 1 ] d θ = 1 2 π [ sin ( 2 m θ ) 2 m θ ] 0 π = 1 2 0
Thus, the first statement is NOT true for all possible non-zero choices of integers m , n .

2. Analysis of the second statement:
Consider the integral:
J = 1 2 π π π sin p θ cos q θ d θ
For general real numbers p , q , the integrand f ( θ ) = sin p θ cos q θ is an odd function because:
f ( �� ) = sin ( p θ ) cos ( q θ ) = sin p θ cos q θ = f ( θ )
The integration limits are symmetric from π to π . Therefore, the integral of any odd function over this symmetric interval is identically zero.

3. Analysis of the third statement:
Consider the limit:
K = lim α 1 2 α α α sin p θ sin q θ d θ
Using the product-to-sum identity:
K = lim α 1 4 α α α [ cos ( p q ) θ cos ( p + q ) θ ] d θ
If we choose real numbers such that p = q (where p q since both are non-zero), we get:
K = lim α 1 4 α α α [ cos ( 2 p θ ) 1 ] d θ = lim α 1 4 α [ sin ( 2 p θ ) 2 p θ ] α α
Evaluating the limits:
K = lim α 1 4 α [ sin ( 2 p α ) p 2 α ] = lim α [ sin ( 2 p α ) 4 p α 1 2 ] = 1 2 0
Thus, the third statement is NOT true for all possible non-zero choices of real numbers p , q .

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