Which of the following is an ancient Indian treatise on problems related to Mathematics?

The correct option is Lilavati.

Lilavati is a famous ancient Indian treatise on mathematics written in 1150 CE by the legendary mathematician and astronomer Bhāskara II (also known as Bhāskarāchārya). It constitutes the first volume of his seminal work, the Siddhānta Shiromani.
The book is written in poetic Sanskrit verses and contains a wide variety of mathematical problems, definitions, and solutions. It covers key mathematical branches such as arithmetic, geometry, algebra, progressions, and combinatorics. Interestingly, Bhāskara II framed many of these complex mathematical problems as engaging questions addressed to a woman named Lilavati, who is traditionally believed to be his daughter.

Let's briefly examine the other options to understand why they are not correct:
1. Nyaya Sutras: This is a foundational text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy, focusing primarily on logic, epistemology, and reasoning, rather than mathematics.
2. Mimamsa Sutras: Composed by Sage Jaimini, this text is the core treatise of the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy, dealing with the rules of Vedic interpretation and rituals.
3. Pramānavarttika: This is a major Buddhist treatise on logic and epistemology written by the philosopher Dharmakīrti.