An example of industrial melanism is

The correct option is Natural selection.

Step-by-step Explanation:

1. Understanding Industrial Melanism:
Industrial melanism is a classic evolutionary phenomenon observed in the peppered moth (Biston betularia) in England during the Industrial Revolution. It describes the process where the population of dark-colored (melanic) moths increased significantly in industrial areas compared to the light-colored moths.

2. The Mechanism Behind the Shift:
Before industrialization, tree trunks were covered with light-colored lichens, making light-colored moths well-camouflaged against predatory birds, while dark moths were easily spotted and eaten. During the Industrial Revolution, coal smoke soot blackened the tree trunks and killed the lichens. Consequently, the dark-colored moths became better camouflaged on the soot-covered trees, while the light-colored moths became conspicuous to predators.

3. Role of Natural Selection:
As a result of this environmental change, predatory birds preferentially fed on the light-colored moths in industrial regions. The dark-colored moths had a higher survival rate, reproduced more successfully, and passed on their genes for dark coloration to their offspring. This is a direct, observable demonstration of Natural selection, where the environment selects for the phenotype that is best adapted to the survival conditions.